[ Study on Transdifferentiation of Bone Marrow Stromal Cells into Neuronal and Glial-Like Cells In Vitro by Different Inducers]

There are some evidences to suggest that bone marrow stromal cells [BMSCs] not only differentiate into mesodermal cells, but also adopt the fate of endodermal and ectodermal cell types. BMSCs can be a valuable cell source as an autograft for clinical application involving regeneration of the central nervous system. Bone marrow stromal cells can he expanded rapidly in vitro and can he differentiat into neuronal- and glial-like cells. In this study, we attempted to devise a protocol or protocals for the induction of BMSCS into neuroepithelial- and neuroglial-like cells. Bone marrow was extracted from the femur and tibia of adult rat, and then bone marrow stromal cells with 4 passages were proliferated and cultured and then were evaluated with fibronectin by immunocytochemistry and Oct-4 by semi quantitative RT-PCR techniqucs. Also in this stage expression of Nestin. NF68, GFAP and 04 antibodies respectively markers of neuroepithelia1, neuron astrocytes and oligodendrocytes cells, were assessed. Rat BMSCs were differentiatec; by two consequent indductors into neuroepithelial. neuronal and glial-like cells. At pre-induction stage dimethyl sulfoxide [DMSO], beta-mercaptoethanol [[3ME] or biotylated hydroxyanisol [BHA] were separattly and without fetal bovine serum [betaBS] addled to alpha minimal essential medium [alfa-MEM], and then a induction stage medium was replaced by retinoic acid [RA] and 15% FBS in alfa-MEM. Four days later, expressions of neuronal and glial markers were assessed. In addition, expression of NeuroD and Oct-4 mRNA were assessed in these cells. More than 92% of BMSCs was fibronectin positive at passage 4. A few percent of BMSCs differentiated into neuroepithelial and neuron-like cells but no astrocyte and oligoclendiocyte-like cell were detected. Oct-4 mRNA was highly expressed in these cells while NeuroD mRNA expression was not detected Induction of BMSCs by DMSO-RA differentiated BMSCs into neuroepithelial and neuronal-like cell significantly compare to betaME-RA and BHA-RA. Transdifferentiation of the treated BMSCs into astrocytes and oligodendrocyte-like cells was less than 5%. Indluction of BMSCs by DMSO-RA resulted in expression of NeuroD niRNA but Oct-4 mRNA was not expressed in none of treatment groups. Induction of BMSCs by different inducers specially DMSO-RA could highly transdifferentiate BMSCs into neuroepithelial and neuronal-like cells, whereas glial-like cells transdifiŠrentiation was very low

[Effects of betamethasone and diclofenac-Na on sulfur mustard induced conjunctival epithelial and goblet cells injuries of rabbits in acute phase]

Sulfur mustard, Bis [2-chlorethy1] sulfide [HD], is one of the first chemical warfare agents to be used on a large scale. Anti inflammatory treatments might have the potential to prevent some aspects of the primary development of HD-induced lesions. The aim of the present study was to evaluate treatment effects of topically applied betamethasone [B] and diclofenac-Na [D] on the conjunctival epithelial lesions following HD exposure. A total of 36 rabbits were used. Animals were randomly divided to three control groups: [1] normal; [2] solution; [3] HD and three experimental groups: [4] betamethasone; [5] diclofenac-Na and [6] betamethasone-diclofenac-Na [BD]. In each group six animals were examined. Right eye of all animals was selected for experiment. In the experimental groups betamethasone and diclofenac-Na were applied after using HD solution. Application of drugs was performed 3 times a day for 2 weeks. Slit-lamp examinations were performed before exposure and subsequently at days 1, 2, 5, 7, and 14 by professional ophthalmologists. Animals were sacrificed after two weeks with chloroform. The eyes were enucleated. Specimens of palpebra were obtained for histological examination. There was not any significant difference between normal and solution groups. HD caused a significant decrease in goblet cells and cell infiltration in conjunctiva, injection and chemosis. All experimental groups were better than the HD group. Betamethasone in combination with diclofenac-Na was more effective than betamethasone and diclofenac-Na alone in decreasing eye injuries. Combination of betamethasone and diclofenac-Na are potential candidates for the treatment of ocular lesions following HD exposure

[Effects of high frequency electromagnetic radiation [27.12 MHz] on ultrastructure of bone formation in the rat embryos]

Introduction: The aim of this study was to evaluate the effects of high frequency electromagnetic radiation [27.12 MHz] on ultrastructure of bone in the rat embryos

Material and Methods: Three experimental groups were formed: Experimental group 1 was exposed continuously during the pregnancy period from day 0 through day 6, Experimental group 2 from day 7 through day 13 and Experimental group 3 from day 14 through day 20 of gestation. These experimental groups were exposed to 10 W/cm2 at 27.12 MHz radiation for 15 minutes twice daily for 7 days. Total exposure time for each rat was 210 minutes. Three Sham exposure groups were also exposed to 0 W/cm2 for 15minutes twice daily for 7 days. The Control group had no exposure. Ultrastructure of mid-diaphysis of tibia from twenty one 21 day old rat embryos were studied by transmission electron microscope

Results: The results showed that colonic temperature of experimental rats were increased. Ultrastructure of mid-diaphysial portion of tibia in the experimental rats revealed cytoplasmic vacuolization and shrinkage, degeneration of some organelles, nuclear condensation in the osteoblasts and decreased of amount of bony trabecula in the extracellular matrix. These degenerative changes were increased in experimental groups especially in experimental group 2 that received radiation during 7 through 13 days of gestation

Conclusion: The results showed that high frequency radiation caused structural changes in exposed osteoblasts and it retarded bone formation in the rat embryos